Layer 1: communication via volts, light waves, radio modulation
Layer 2: communication via MAC address
Layer 3: communication via IP address
Layer 4: communication via TCP or UDP
Layer 5: communication originates here – a session is established between the endpoints
Layer 6: communicates only on the local computer…
Downstream - presents the data to the network
Upstream - presents the data from the network to the application
Layer 7: communicates only on the local computer...
Downstream - converts the data to machine language
Upstream - converts the data to a format useful to the human